Keris, Senjata Tradisional Warisan Sejarah
The kris or keris is an asymmetrical dagger indigenous to Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand and Brunei. It is known as kalis in the southern Philippines. The kris is famous for its distinctive wavy blade, but many have straight blades as well. Both a weapon and spiritual object, kris are often considered to have an essence or presence, with some blades possessing good luck and others possessing bad.In 2005, UNESCO gave the title Masterpiece of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity to the kris of Indonesia. In return, UNESCO urged Indonesia to preserve their heritage.
The kris or keris is an asymmetrical dagger indigenous to Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand and Brunei. It is known as kalis in the southern Philippines. The kris is famous for its distinctive wavy blade, but many have straight blades as well. Both a weapon and spiritual object, kris are often considered to have an essence or presence, with some blades possessing good luck and others possessing bad.The origin of the word kris is uncertain but it is thought to derive from the old Javanese term ngiris which means to stab, wedge or sliver. "Kris" is the more frequently-used spelling in the West, but "keris" is more popular in the dagger's native lands, as exemplified by the late Bambang Harsrinuksmo's popular book entitled Ensiklopedi Keris (Keris Encyclopedia). Two notable exceptions are the Philippines, where it is usually called kalis or kris, and Thailand where it is always spelled and pronounced as kris. Other spellings used by European colonists include "cryse", "crise", "criss", "kriss" and "creese".Kris history is generally traced through the study of carvings and bas-relief panels found in Southeast Asia. It is widely believed by archaeologists that the earliest kris prototype can be traced to Dong Son in Vietnam circa 300 BC. From there, the design would have been brought into present-day Malaysia by Cham migrants who made their way into the Malay Peninsula twenty centuries ago. Another theory is that the kris was based on daggers from India. Frey (2003) concludes from Raffles' (1817) study of the Candi Sukuh that the kris recognized today came into existence around 1361 AD in the kingdom of Majapahit. There exist claims of earlier forms predating the Majapahit kris but none are verifiable. In the past, the majority of kris had straight blades but this became less frequent over time. Some of the most famous renderings of a kris appear on the Borobudur temple (825 CE) and Prambanan temple (850CE). Tome Pires, in early 16th century, describe the importance of Kris to the Javanese.
The kris or keris is an asymmetrical dagger indigenous to Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand and Brunei. It is known as kalis in the southern Philippines. The kris is famous for its distinctive wavy blade, but many have straight blades as well. Both a weapon and spiritual object, kris are often considered to have an essence or presence, with some blades possessing good luck and others possessing bad.The origin of the word kris is uncertain but it is thought to derive from the old Javanese term ngiris which means to stab, wedge or sliver. "Kris" is the more frequently-used spelling in the West, but "keris" is more popular in the dagger's native lands, as exemplified by the late Bambang Harsrinuksmo's popular book entitled Ensiklopedi Keris (Keris Encyclopedia). Two notable exceptions are the Philippines, where it is usually called kalis or kris, and Thailand where it is always spelled and pronounced as kris. Other spellings used by European colonists include "cryse", "crise", "criss", "kriss" and "creese".Kris history is generally traced through the study of carvings and bas-relief panels found in Southeast Asia. It is widely believed by archaeologists that the earliest kris prototype can be traced to Dong Son in Vietnam circa 300 BC. From there, the design would have been brought into present-day Malaysia by Cham migrants who made their way into the Malay Peninsula twenty centuries ago. Another theory is that the kris was based on daggers from India. Frey (2003) concludes from Raffles' (1817) study of the Candi Sukuh that the kris recognized today came into existence around 1361 AD in the kingdom of Majapahit. There exist claims of earlier forms predating the Majapahit kris but none are verifiable. In the past, the majority of kris had straight blades but this became less frequent over time. Some of the most famous renderings of a kris appear on the Borobudur temple (825 CE) and Prambanan temple (850CE). Tome Pires, in early 16th century, describe the importance of Kris to the Javanese.Kris were worn on a daily basis, especially when travelling because it might be needed for self-defense. Heirloom blades were handed down through successive generations and worn during special events such as weddings. Men usually wore only one kris but the famous admiral Hang Tuah is said in the Hikayat Hang Tuah to have armed himself with one short and one long kris. As women were also permitted to learn silat, they sometimes also wore kris, though of a smaller size than a man's.Kris were often broken in battle and required repairs. Yearly cleanings, required as part of the spirituality and mythology surrounding the weapon, often left ancient blades worn and thin. The repair materials depended on location and it is quite usual to find a weapon with fittings from several areas. For example, a kris may have a blade from Java, a hilt from Bali and a sheath from Madura.
In many parts of Indonesia, the kris was the choice weapon for execution. The executioner's kris had a long, straight, slender blade. The condemned knelt before the executioner, who placed a wad of cotton or similar material on the subject's shoulder or clavicle area. The blade was thrust through the padding, piercing the subclavian artery and the heart. Upon withdrawal, the cotton wiped the blade clean. Death came within seconds.
The making of a kris was the specialised duty of metalworkers called empu or pandai besi. In Bali this occupation was the preserve of the Pande clan, members of whom also made jewellery. Kris-makers did more than forge the weapon, they carried out the old rituals which could infuse the blade with mystical powers. For this reason, kris are considered almost alive because they may be vessels of spirits, either good or evil. Legends tell of kris that could move of their own volition and killed individuals at will. Some kris are rumored to stand upright when their real names are called by their masters. It was said that some kris helped prevent fires, death, agricultural failure, and many other problems. Likewise, they could also bring fortune, such as bountiful harvests. Many of these beliefs, however, were erroneously derived from the possession of different kris by different people. For example, there is a type of kris in Java that was called Beras Wutah, which was believed to grant its possessor an easy life without famine. In reality, this kris was mainly assigned to government officers that were paid, in whole or in part with foodstuff such as rice.There are several ways of testing whether a kris is lucky or not. A series of cuts on a leaf, based on blade width and other factors, could determine if a blade was good or bad. Also, if the owner slept with the blade under their pillow, the spirit of the kris would communicate with the owner via dream. If the owner had a bad dream, the blade was unlucky and had to be discarded, whereas if the owner had a good dream the dagger would bring good fortune. However, just because a blade was bad for one person didn't mean it would be bad for another. Harmony between the weapon and its owner was critical.Because some kris are considered sacred and believed to possess magical powers, specific rites needed to be completed to avoid calling down evil fates which is the reason warriors often made offerings to their kris at a shrine. There is also the belief that pointing a kris at someone means they will die soon, so silat practitioners precede their demonstrations by touching the points of the blades to the ground so as to neutralise this effect.
1. Kris of Mpu Gandring
Tunggul Ametung however was a very powerful man and held an important position. Thus, Ken Arok needed an exceptionally strong weapon to defeat him, and also had to find a way to do so without himself being punished for the crime. He managed to get by ordering a kris from a famous smith called Mpu Gandring. However the kris casting took a very long time. After several months, an impatient Ken Arok visited Mpu Gandring to check on the kris's progress. He saw that the kris had already taken shape and was strong enough to be called an exceptional weapon. However, Mpu Gandring stated that he still needed several months to perform rituals to imbue the kris with more magical power, not only to make it strong but also to prevent it from becoming an evil weapon.
Ken Arok became furious on hearing this. Knowing that Ken Dedes was pregnant, and determined to murder Tunggul Ametung before his wife gave birth to a possible son and heir, Ken Arok took the kris from its maker and stabbed Mpu Gandring. With his last breath, Mpu Gandring famously cursed Ken Arok, foretelling that he himself and seven generations of his descendants would be killed by that cursed kris.Now owning an exceptional weapon, Ken Arok got ready for the next step of his plan. He gave the kris to Kebo Ijo, another attendant of Tunggul Ametung, a greedy man known to be fond of collecting krises. As Ken Arok expected, Kebo Ijo showed his new kris to every man he met. The kris was not only strong but also had a unique pattern that made it easily recognized. It wasn't long when almost everyone in Tumapel knew about the kris.
One night, Ken Arok stole the kris back from Kebo Ijo while he was asleep. He then secretly went to Tunggul Ametung's room and stabbed him to death, and left the kris at the scene. In the morning, everyone in Tumapel was shocked to hear of Tunggul Ametung's death. When they found the kris, they accused Kebo Ijo of being the assassin, just as Ken Arok had planned. Before Kebo Ijo was able to defend himself, Ken Arok stabbed him to death, on the pretext of revenging Tunggul Ametung.
And so Ken Arok was able to kill Tunggul Ametung, take Ken Dedes to be his wife, and proclaim himself the new ruler of Tumapel.The ambition of Ken Arok did not stop in Tumapel. In 1222, at the battle of Ganter, he defeated king Kertajaya of Kediri and founded the new kingdom of Singhasari. Kediri became a fief under the kingdom of Singhasari.
2. Kris of Pusaka Setan Kober
Kyai Kober Satan is the name of Duke's kris Jipang, Arya Penangsang. Keris is charged at the time he duel against Sutawijaya.
At one point the spear used Kyai Pleret Sutawijaya of gastric Penangsang Arya, until his intestines spilled.
Arya Penangsang swiftly, that gut menyangkutkan buraian on wrangka or sarong-upstream keris tucked in his waist, and kept fighting. The next moment, Sutawijaya great urgency and opportunity Penangsang used by Arya penuntaskan to get the duel, by withdrawing from the wrangka keris or keris ngliga (drew), and without realizing that wilah (an) or eye Kyai kris Kober Satan immediately cutting his intestines is hooked on the wrangkanya. He died instantly.
Senopati was impressed at how gagahnya Arya Penangsang with frayed intestine involving the upstream keris. He then ordered that his son, if later married imitate Penangsang Arya, and replaced with a series of intestinal buraian or ronce jasmine, so the groom will look more handsome, and the tradition is still used today.
3. Kris of Pusaka Nagasasra Sabuk Inten
Keris Belt Heritage and Inten Nagasasra are two things sacred relics of the King of Majapahit. Nagasasra is the name of one of the kitchen (form) keris luk and thirteen others of his luk nine and eleven, so the name of this kitchen must be accompanied by a stated amount of his luk.
Gandik part of this keris carved with dragon heads form (usually with a crown form which vary), while the body is described with a smooth scales on the Gulf following the blade to the tip of the keris. With features include kruwingan, pandanus and greneng ri, and several masters (based on his time as Majapahit, Mataram and Mataram Nom) to make kris Nagasasra kitchen.
In the kitchen kris Nagasasra good, most were kinatah gold blade, and making this kind of kinatah gold after wilah not following after this is completed, but has been designed by the master since the beginning of its construction. In the final stage of completion, the master has made kinatah appropriate form design. The parts that will be installed a special line of gold given to "the installation position of gold" and after completion wilah completed, then followed by attachment of gold by a goldsmith.
One of the keris makers with the best Nagasasra kitchen, a master work of Ki Nom, is a renowned master, and lived at the end of the Majapahit Kingdom era to the era of Sri Sultan Agung's reign Anyokrokusumo in Mataram, but there are some other experts say that Supo Ki Anom at the time of the Mataram kingdom, in fact was the grandson of the master Supo Anom, who lived in the Majapahit era, and this group called Ki Ki Nom Supo called Anom II, and who live in the age of Majapahit called Ki Anom Supo I.
4. Kris of Kyai CondongCampur
Inclined Mix is one of the keris Majapahit kingdom's heritage is mentioned in many legends and folklore. Keris is known as the Leaning Kyai Kanjeng Mix.
This keris is one of the kitchen straight keris. The length of the blade was a flower nut, one LAMBE elephant, a bribe in front and size until the end of the blade length, bribes are not back there. In addition, the keris is also using electric gusen and an electric.
Inclined Mix is a symbol of the desire to reconcile the differences. Biased means tilted leading to a point, which means partisanship or the desire. While intervention is to be one or a combination. Thus, the Leaning Mix is the desire to unify a particular situation.
5. Kris Taming Sari
The Keris Taming Sari (Taming Sari's kris) is one of the most well-known kris in Malay literature, said to be so skilfully crafted that anyone wielding it was unbeatable. In some versions of the legend, the weapon would grant its user physical invulnerability. Tun Sri Lanang's book, the Sejarah Melayu, tells that it was first used by the champion of Majapahit, a pendekar named Taming Sari. He was defeated in a duel to the death by the Melakan admiral Hang Tuah, after which the king of Majapahit presented the weapon to the victor.
After being framed by a jealous official, Hang Tuah was ordered to be executed, but he managed to escape and go into hiding with the help of a minister who knew the truth. Hang Tuah's kris and title of Laksamana (admiral) were passed on to his comrade Hang Jebat. Furious that his best friend was unfairly put to death, Hang Jebat rebelled against the royalty and took over the palace. The desperate ruler of Melaka pardoned the minister so long as Hang Tuah could win him back the throne. Having trained under the same master since childhood the two friends were nearly equals but of the two, Tuah was the superior fighter. However, even after a long battle in the palace, neither could best the other because the Kris Taming Sari evened the odds. Only after taking his weapon back did Hang Tuah manage to stab Jebat, who died soon after by the kris' poison.
source:
http://en.wikipedia.org/
http://indonesiainfo.net/
http://google.co.id/
In many parts of Indonesia, the kris was the choice weapon for execution. The executioner's kris had a long, straight, slender blade. The condemned knelt before the executioner, who placed a wad of cotton or similar material on the subject's shoulder or clavicle area. The blade was thrust through the padding, piercing the subclavian artery and the heart. Upon withdrawal, the cotton wiped the blade clean. Death came within seconds.
The making of a kris was the specialised duty of metalworkers called empu or pandai besi. In Bali this occupation was the preserve of the Pande clan, members of whom also made jewellery. Kris-makers did more than forge the weapon, they carried out the old rituals which could infuse the blade with mystical powers. For this reason, kris are considered almost alive because they may be vessels of spirits, either good or evil. Legends tell of kris that could move of their own volition and killed individuals at will. Some kris are rumored to stand upright when their real names are called by their masters. It was said that some kris helped prevent fires, death, agricultural failure, and many other problems. Likewise, they could also bring fortune, such as bountiful harvests. Many of these beliefs, however, were erroneously derived from the possession of different kris by different people. For example, there is a type of kris in Java that was called Beras Wutah, which was believed to grant its possessor an easy life without famine. In reality, this kris was mainly assigned to government officers that were paid, in whole or in part with foodstuff such as rice.There are several ways of testing whether a kris is lucky or not. A series of cuts on a leaf, based on blade width and other factors, could determine if a blade was good or bad. Also, if the owner slept with the blade under their pillow, the spirit of the kris would communicate with the owner via dream. If the owner had a bad dream, the blade was unlucky and had to be discarded, whereas if the owner had a good dream the dagger would bring good fortune. However, just because a blade was bad for one person didn't mean it would be bad for another. Harmony between the weapon and its owner was critical.Because some kris are considered sacred and believed to possess magical powers, specific rites needed to be completed to avoid calling down evil fates which is the reason warriors often made offerings to their kris at a shrine. There is also the belief that pointing a kris at someone means they will die soon, so silat practitioners precede their demonstrations by touching the points of the blades to the ground so as to neutralise this effect.
The Famous Kris
1. Kris of Mpu Gandring
Tunggul Ametung however was a very powerful man and held an important position. Thus, Ken Arok needed an exceptionally strong weapon to defeat him, and also had to find a way to do so without himself being punished for the crime. He managed to get by ordering a kris from a famous smith called Mpu Gandring. However the kris casting took a very long time. After several months, an impatient Ken Arok visited Mpu Gandring to check on the kris's progress. He saw that the kris had already taken shape and was strong enough to be called an exceptional weapon. However, Mpu Gandring stated that he still needed several months to perform rituals to imbue the kris with more magical power, not only to make it strong but also to prevent it from becoming an evil weapon.
Ken Arok became furious on hearing this. Knowing that Ken Dedes was pregnant, and determined to murder Tunggul Ametung before his wife gave birth to a possible son and heir, Ken Arok took the kris from its maker and stabbed Mpu Gandring. With his last breath, Mpu Gandring famously cursed Ken Arok, foretelling that he himself and seven generations of his descendants would be killed by that cursed kris.Now owning an exceptional weapon, Ken Arok got ready for the next step of his plan. He gave the kris to Kebo Ijo, another attendant of Tunggul Ametung, a greedy man known to be fond of collecting krises. As Ken Arok expected, Kebo Ijo showed his new kris to every man he met. The kris was not only strong but also had a unique pattern that made it easily recognized. It wasn't long when almost everyone in Tumapel knew about the kris.One night, Ken Arok stole the kris back from Kebo Ijo while he was asleep. He then secretly went to Tunggul Ametung's room and stabbed him to death, and left the kris at the scene. In the morning, everyone in Tumapel was shocked to hear of Tunggul Ametung's death. When they found the kris, they accused Kebo Ijo of being the assassin, just as Ken Arok had planned. Before Kebo Ijo was able to defend himself, Ken Arok stabbed him to death, on the pretext of revenging Tunggul Ametung.
And so Ken Arok was able to kill Tunggul Ametung, take Ken Dedes to be his wife, and proclaim himself the new ruler of Tumapel.The ambition of Ken Arok did not stop in Tumapel. In 1222, at the battle of Ganter, he defeated king Kertajaya of Kediri and founded the new kingdom of Singhasari. Kediri became a fief under the kingdom of Singhasari.
2. Kris of Pusaka Setan Kober
Kyai Kober Satan is the name of Duke's kris Jipang, Arya Penangsang. Keris is charged at the time he duel against Sutawijaya.
At one point the spear used Kyai Pleret Sutawijaya of gastric Penangsang Arya, until his intestines spilled.
Arya Penangsang swiftly, that gut menyangkutkan buraian on wrangka or sarong-upstream keris tucked in his waist, and kept fighting. The next moment, Sutawijaya great urgency and opportunity Penangsang used by Arya penuntaskan to get the duel, by withdrawing from the wrangka keris or keris ngliga (drew), and without realizing that wilah (an) or eye Kyai kris Kober Satan immediately cutting his intestines is hooked on the wrangkanya. He died instantly.Senopati was impressed at how gagahnya Arya Penangsang with frayed intestine involving the upstream keris. He then ordered that his son, if later married imitate Penangsang Arya, and replaced with a series of intestinal buraian or ronce jasmine, so the groom will look more handsome, and the tradition is still used today.
3. Kris of Pusaka Nagasasra Sabuk Inten
Keris Belt Heritage and Inten Nagasasra are two things sacred relics of the King of Majapahit. Nagasasra is the name of one of the kitchen (form) keris luk and thirteen others of his luk nine and eleven, so the name of this kitchen must be accompanied by a stated amount of his luk.
Gandik part of this keris carved with dragon heads form (usually with a crown form which vary), while the body is described with a smooth scales on the Gulf following the blade to the tip of the keris. With features include kruwingan, pandanus and greneng ri, and several masters (based on his time as Majapahit, Mataram and Mataram Nom) to make kris Nagasasra kitchen.
In the kitchen kris Nagasasra good, most were kinatah gold blade, and making this kind of kinatah gold after wilah not following after this is completed, but has been designed by the master since the beginning of its construction. In the final stage of completion, the master has made kinatah appropriate form design. The parts that will be installed a special line of gold given to "the installation position of gold" and after completion wilah completed, then followed by attachment of gold by a goldsmith.
One of the keris makers with the best Nagasasra kitchen, a master work of Ki Nom, is a renowned master, and lived at the end of the Majapahit Kingdom era to the era of Sri Sultan Agung's reign Anyokrokusumo in Mataram, but there are some other experts say that Supo Ki Anom at the time of the Mataram kingdom, in fact was the grandson of the master Supo Anom, who lived in the Majapahit era, and this group called Ki Ki Nom Supo called Anom II, and who live in the age of Majapahit called Ki Anom Supo I.
4. Kris of Kyai CondongCampur
Inclined Mix is one of the keris Majapahit kingdom's heritage is mentioned in many legends and folklore. Keris is known as the Leaning Kyai Kanjeng Mix.
This keris is one of the kitchen straight keris. The length of the blade was a flower nut, one LAMBE elephant, a bribe in front and size until the end of the blade length, bribes are not back there. In addition, the keris is also using electric gusen and an electric.Inclined Mix is a symbol of the desire to reconcile the differences. Biased means tilted leading to a point, which means partisanship or the desire. While intervention is to be one or a combination. Thus, the Leaning Mix is the desire to unify a particular situation.
5. Kris Taming Sari
The Keris Taming Sari (Taming Sari's kris) is one of the most well-known kris in Malay literature, said to be so skilfully crafted that anyone wielding it was unbeatable. In some versions of the legend, the weapon would grant its user physical invulnerability. Tun Sri Lanang's book, the Sejarah Melayu, tells that it was first used by the champion of Majapahit, a pendekar named Taming Sari. He was defeated in a duel to the death by the Melakan admiral Hang Tuah, after which the king of Majapahit presented the weapon to the victor.
After being framed by a jealous official, Hang Tuah was ordered to be executed, but he managed to escape and go into hiding with the help of a minister who knew the truth. Hang Tuah's kris and title of Laksamana (admiral) were passed on to his comrade Hang Jebat. Furious that his best friend was unfairly put to death, Hang Jebat rebelled against the royalty and took over the palace. The desperate ruler of Melaka pardoned the minister so long as Hang Tuah could win him back the throne. Having trained under the same master since childhood the two friends were nearly equals but of the two, Tuah was the superior fighter. However, even after a long battle in the palace, neither could best the other because the Kris Taming Sari evened the odds. Only after taking his weapon back did Hang Tuah manage to stab Jebat, who died soon after by the kris' poison.source:
http://en.wikipedia.org/
http://indonesiainfo.net/
http://google.co.id/
Label: History